Modulation Scheme
Channel
Metrics
Bits per Symbol—
Symbol Errors—
SER—
EVM (rms)—
Key Tradeoff
Higher order → more bits/symbol → higher data rate
But constellation points are closer → more susceptible to noise → higher BER
BPSK: 1 bit | QPSK: 2 | 16-QAM: 4 | 64-QAM: 6